Justin discusses believers who continued observing institutions given through Moses. Epiphanius describes Nazarenes combining belief in Yeshua with Sabbath and circumcision. Jerome reports their beliefs and rejects their combined identity. These authors differ, and some write as opponents. Read their testimony carefully rather than adopting every label they use. H01 H02 H03
Their writings establish a real ancient setting for Jews who followed Yeshua. Honoring those people does not require claiming that every group had identical theology or that every modern practice comes directly from them.